If you drop molten glass into water, the glass "tadpole" shape has some interesting properties. From the wikipedia article:
Prince Rupert's Drops (also known as Rupert's Balls or Dutch tears[1]) are a glass curiosity created by dripping hot molten glass into cold water. The glass cools into a tadpole-shaped droplet with a long, thin tail. The water rapidly cools the molten glass on the outside of the drop, while the inner portion of the drop remains significantly hotter. When the glass on the inside eventually cools, it contracts inside the already-solid outer part. This contraction sets up very large compressive stresses on the exterior, while the core of the drop is in a state of tensile stress. It can be said to be a kind of tempered glass.
The very high residual stress within the drop gives rise to unusual qualities, such as the ability to withstand a blow from a hammer on the bulbous end without breaking, while the drop will disintegrate explosively if the tail end is even slightly damaged.
When the tail end is damaged, the large amount of potential energy stored in the drop's amorphous atomic structure is released, causing fractures to propagate through the material at very high speeds.
Recently an examination of the shattering of Prince Rupert's Drops by the use of extremely high speed video[2] has revealed that the "crack front" which is initiated at the tail end propagates in a disintegrating Drop within the tensile zone towards the drop's head at a very high speed (~ 1450–1900 m/s, or up to ~4,200 miles per hour, a number that in air would be Mach 5.5).
Because of the transparency of glass, the internal stress within these objects can be demonstrated by viewing them through polarizing filters.
Mach 5.5! More at the wiki link, interesting history:
I think these were the first form of tempered glass - at least, such behavior was discussed in some of my lectures at A&M, and mentioned along w. tempered glass...
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Darrell wrote:
Mach 5.5! More at the wiki link, interesting history:
Yeah, the speed of sound in air is actually pretty small compared to solids and liquids though. Water is about 4 times faster, in steel it's maybe 10 times faster, glass is maybe 8 times. You know that old trick to tell if a train is coming? You put your ear to the rail and you can hear if there is a train nearby? That's because the speed of sound in steel is so much faster, and also because the rail is a sort of waveguide that keeps the sound inside the rail instead of diffusing all over the place.
"...The lesson here is that stress makes you stronger, but inside that tough exterior lurks a potential explosion. And stay off my tail, OK?"
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